English Learning

英文文法重點整理(3)

Symbols count in article: 4.1k Reading time: 18 mins.

文法整理摘錄自 Betty S. Azar 的基礎英文文法書，若有侵權，煩請來信告知，我將於第一時間刪除所有相關文章。

第七章 可數和不可數名詞

7-1 可數和不可數

  1. 可數名詞，單數：a + 名詞、one + 名詞，複數：名詞 + -s
    • 單數：a book / one book
    • 複數：books / two books / some books / a lot of books
  2. 不可數名詞，單數：不能用 a 和 one，複數：不可數名詞沒有複數形式
    • 單數：mail / some mail / a lot of mail
    • 複數：(沒有複數形式)
  3. 常見的不可數名詞
advice mail bread pepper
furniture money cheese rice
help music coffee salt
homework traffic food soup
information vocabulary fruit sugar
jewelry weather meat tea
luck work milk water

7-2 使用 A 與 An 的比較

  1. a 和 an 被用在單數可數名詞前面，dog 和 animal 都是單數可數名詞。
    • A dog is an animal.
  2. an 用在字首為母音 a, e, i 和 o 單詞前面，例如：an apartment, an elephant, an idea, an ocean。注意：單數名詞前面有形容詞，而形容詞是母音開頭的，就要使用 an。
    • I work in an office.
    • Mr. Tang is an old man.
  3. 如果單字開頭為 u 且是母音聲音，前面就要用 an，例如： an nucle, an ugly picture；如果單字開頭為 u 且發音為 /yu/，前面就要用 a，例如：a university。
    • I have an uncle.
    • He works at a university.
  4. 有些單字開頭為 h，但是 h 不發音，取而代之的，這些單字從母音開始發音，那麼就要使用 an，例如：an hour, an honor。大部分 h 開頭的單字，h 都是要發音的，如果 h 是要發印的，要使用 a。
    • I need an hour to finish my work.
    • I live in a house. He lives in a hotel.

7-3 使用 A/An 和 Some 的比較

  1. a/an 被使用在單數可數名詞前面，some 被使用在複數可數名詞前面。
    • I have a pen.
    • I have some pens.
  2. some 被用在不可數名詞前面
    • I have some rice.

7-4 不可數名詞的量詞

  1. 計量單位被用在表達不可數名詞的精確數量，例如：a glass of, a cup of, a piece of。some water = 不精確數量，a glass of water = 精確數量
    • I’d like some water.
    • I’d like a glass of water.
    • I’d like a cup of coffee.
    • I’d like a piece of fruit.
  2. 常見的計量表達
a bag of rice a bunch of bananas a jar of pickles
a bar of soap a can of corn a loaf of bread
a bottle of olive oil a carton of milk a piece of cheese
a bowl of cereal a glass of water a sheet of paper
a box of candy a head of lettuce a tube of toothpaste

7-5 使用 Many, Much, A Few, A Little

  1. many 跟複數可數名詞一起使用；much 跟不可數名詞一起使用；a few 跟複數可數名詞一起使用；a little 跟不可數名詞一起使用。
    • I don’t get many letters.
    • I don’t get much mail.
    • Jan gets a few letters.
    • Ken gets a little mail.

7-6 使用 The

  1. 當說話者和聆聽者在心裡都有相同東西，說話者會使用 the，the 表示名詞是特定的(不是一般的)。
    • A: Where’s Max? B: He’s in the kitchen.
    • A 和 B 在心中都知道相同的廚房。
    • A: I have two pieces of fruit for us, an apple and a banana. What would you like? B: I’d like the apple, please.
    • 當 B 說 the apple，A 和 B 在心中都有相同的蘋果
    • A: It’s a nice summer day today. The sky is blue. The sun is hot. B: Yes, I really like summer.
    • A 和 B 都在想相同的天空(他們只有一個天空可以想)和相同的太陽(他們只有一個太陽可以想)
  2. the 跟單數可數名詞 / 複數可數名詞 / 不可數名詞一起使用，換句話說，the 可以用三種名詞的任何一種。
    • Nick has a pen and a pencil. The pen is blue. The pencil is yellow.
    • Nick has some pens and pencils. The pen are blue. The pencils are yellow.
    • Nick has some rice and some cheese. The rice is white. The cheese is yellow.
  3. 注意：說話者對第二次提到的名詞用 the，當說話者第二次說到一個名詞，說話者和聆聽者都在想同樣的東西。
    • 第一次提到：I have a pen.
    • 第二次提到：The pen is blue.

7-7 使用 Ø (無冠詞)來表達概述

  1. 無冠詞(符號為 Ø)被用來與複數可數名詞 / 不可數名詞一起來表達概述
    • Ø Apples are good for you.
    • Ø Students use Ø pens and Ø pencils.
    • I like to listen to Ø music.
    • Ø Rice is good for you.
  2. 比較
    • Apples are good for you.
    • 上面的句子，apples 是概述的，它表示所有的蘋果、任何的蘋果，在這邊 Ø (無冠詞)被使用。
    • Tim and Jan ate some fruit. The apples were very good, but the bananas were too old.
    • 上面的句子，apples 是特定的，所以 the 放在它前面，它表示 Tim 和 Jan 吃的特定的蘋果。
    • I like to listen to music.
    • 上面的句子，music 是概述的。
    • We went to a concet last night. The music was very good.
    • 上面的句子，music 是特定的。

7-8 使用 Some 和 Any

  1. 使用 some 在肯定句。
    • Vera has some money.
  2. 使用 any 在否定句。
    • Vera doesn’t have any money.
  3. 在問句中，用 some 或是 any。
    • Does Vera have any money?
    • Does Vera have some money?
  4. any 與不可數名詞和複數名詞一起使用。
    • I don’t have any money.
    • I don’t have any matches.

第八章 表達過去時間 Part I

8-1 使用 Be：過去時間

  1. 現在時間 vs. 過去時間
    • I am in class today. / I was in class yesterday.
    • Alison is sick today. / Alison was sick yesterday.
    • My friends are at home today. / My friends were at home yesterday.
  2. I / she / he / it + was，we / you / they + were
    • 單數：I was / you were(一個人) / she was / he was / it was
    • 複數：we were / you were(多於一個人) / they were

8-2 Be 的簡單過去式：否定

  1. 否定縮寫：was + not = wasn’t，were + not = weren’t
    • I was not in class yesterday.
    • I wasn’t in class yesterday.
  2. I / she / he / it + wasn’t，we / you / they + weren’t
    • They were not at home last night.
    • They weren’t at home last night.

8-3 Be 的過去問句

  1. YES/NO 問句 => 短回答 (長回答)
    • Were you in class yesterday? => Yes, I was.(I was in class yesterday.) / No, I wasn’t.(I wasn’t in class yesterday.)
    • Was Carlos tired last night? => Yes, he was.(He was tired last night.) / No, he wasn’t.(He wasn’t tired last night.)
  2. 資訊問句 => 短回答 (長回答)
    • Where were you yesterday? => In class.(I was in class yesterday.)
    • When was Emily sick? => Last week.(She was sick last week.)

8-4 簡單過去式：使用 -ed

  1. 動詞 + -ed = 簡單過去式。I / you / she / he / it / we / they + walked(動詞 + -ed)。
    • 簡單現在 / 簡單過去
    • I walk to school every day. / I walked to school yesterday.
    • Ann walks to school every day. / Ann walked to school yesterday.

8-5 過去時間單字：Yesterday, Last 和 Ago

  1. 注意從現在到過去的時間表達改變。
    • 現在 -> 過去
    • today -> yesterday
    • this morning -> yesterday morning
    • this afternoon -> yesterday afternoon
    • this evening -> yesterday evening
    • tonight -> last night
    • this week -> last week
  2. yesterday 常常跟 morning, afternoon 和 evening 一起使用。
    • Bob was here yesterday. / yeasterday morning. / yesterday afternoon. / yesterday evening.
  3. last 常常跟 night、長時間(week, month, year)、季節(spring, summer…等等)和星期幾一起使用。
    • Sue was here last night. / last week. / last weekend. / last month. / last year. / last spring. / last summer. / last fall. / last winter. / last Monday. / last Tuesday. / last Wednesday. / …等等
  4. ago 表示「在過去」，它會加在特定長度時間(例如：two minutes + ago, five years + ago)後面。
    • Tom was here five minutes ago. / two hour ago. / three days ago. / a (one) week ago. / six months ago. / a (one) year ago.

8-6 簡單過去式：不規則動詞(分類一)

  1. 有些動詞沒有 -ed 的形式，它們的過去型態是不規則的。
    • 現在 - 簡單過去
    • come - came
    • do - did
    • eat - ate
    • get - got
    • go - went
    • have - had
    • put - put
    • see - saw
    • sit - sat
    • sleep - slept
    • stand - stood
    • write - wrote
  2. 現在式 / 過去式
    • I come to class every day. / I came to class yesterday.
    • I do my homework every day. / I did my homework yesterday.
    • Meg eats breakfast every morning. / Meg ate breakfast yesterday morning.

8-7 簡單過去式：否定

  1. I / you / she / he / it / we / they + did not + 主要動詞。注意：主要動詞和 did not 一起使用時，使用原形動詞。
    • I did not walk to school yesterday.
    • You did not walk to school yesterday.
    • Tim did not eat lunch yesterday.
    • They did not come to class yesterday.
    • 錯誤：I did not walked to school yesterday.
    • 錯誤：Tim did not ate lunch yesterday.
  2. 否定縮寫：did + not = didn’t。
    • I didn’t walk to school yesterday.
    • Tim didn’t eat lunch yesterday.
  3. 例外：當主要動詞為 be 的時候，不能使用 did。參考 8-2 和 8-3。
    • 正確：Dan wasn’t here yesterday.
    • 錯誤：Dan didn’t be here yesterday.

8-8 簡單過去式：Yes/No 問句

  1. DID + 主詞 + 主要動詞 => 短回答 (長回答)
    • Did Tess walk to school? => Yes, she did.(She walked to school.) / No, she didn’t.(She didn’t walk to school.)
    • Did you come to class? => Yes, I did.(I came to class.) / No, I didn’t.(I didn’t come to class.)

8-9 簡單過去式：不規則動詞(分類二)

  1. 現在 - 簡單過去
    • bring - brought
    • buy - bought
    • catch - caught
    • drink - drank
    • drive - drove
    • read - read (過去簡單式的 read 發音和顏色的 red 一樣)
    • ride - rode
    • run - ran
    • teach - taught
    • think - thought

8-10 簡單過去式：不規則動詞(分類三)

  1. 現在 - 簡單過去
    • break - broke
    • fly - flew
    • hear - heard
    • leave - left
    • meet - met
    • pay - paid
    • ring - rang
    • send - sent
    • sing - sang
    • speak - spoke
    • take - took
    • wake up - woke up

8-11 簡單過去式：不規則動詞(分類四)

  1. 現在 - 簡單過去
    • begin - began
    • find - found
    • lose - lost
    • hang - hung
    • say - said
    • sell - sold
    • steal - stole
    • tell - told
    • tear - tore
    • wear - wore

第九章 表達過去時間 Part II

9-1 簡單過去式：使用 Where, Why, When 和 What Time

  1. 問句 => 短回答
    • Did you go downtown? => Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.
    • Where did you go? => Downtown.
    • Were you downtown? => Yes, I was. / No, I wasn’t.
    • Where were you? => Downtown.
    • Did you run because you were late? => Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.
    • Why did you run? => Because I was late.
    • Why didn’t you walk? => Because I was late.
    • Did Ann come at six? => Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t.
    • When / What time did Ann come? => At six.
  2. what time 通常詢問一個時鐘上特定的時間。when 的回答可以是時間的各種表達。
    • What time did Ann come? => At six. / Seven o’clock. / Around 9:30.
    • When did Ann come? => At six. / Friday. / June 15th. / Last week. / Three days ago.

9-2 What 問句

  1. what 被用來當你想要找一個東西的問句，who 被用來當你想要找一個人的問句。(參考 9-3 的 who 問句)
    • (疑問詞 + 助動詞 + 主詞 + 主動詞) => 短回答 (長回答)
    • Did Carol buy a car? => Yes, she did. (She bought a car.)
    • What did Carol buy? => A car. (She bought a car.)
    • Is Fred holding a book? => Yes he is. (He’s holding a book.)
    • What is Fred holding? => A book. (He’s holding a book.)
  2. a car 是動詞的受詞，what 是動詞的受詞。
    • Carol bought a car.
    • What did Carol buy?

9-3 Who 和 Whom 問句

  1. what 用來詢問關於 物品 的問句，who 用來詢問關於 人 的問句。
    • What did they see? => A boat. (They saw a boat.)
    • Who did they see? => Jay. (They saw Jay.)
  2. 以下例句意思都一樣。whom 在正式英文中被用來當作動詞的受詞或是介系詞。who，不是whom，常常被用在日常的英文中。whom 是非常正式的英文，whom 很少被使用在日常口語英文中。
    • Who did they see? => Jay. (They saw Jay.)
    • Whom did they see? => Jay. (They saw Jay.)
  3. who(m) 是動詞的受詞，常見的問句語序：疑問詞 + 助動詞 + 主詞 + 主要動詞。who 是問句的主詞，不 使用常見的問句語序。當使用 who 當作問句的主詞時，不要 使用 does, do 或是 did，無論如何 不要 更改動詞：問句中的動詞形式和答案的動詞形式一樣。
    • Who(m) did they see? => Jay. (They saw Jay.)
    • Who saw Jay? => Ella. (Ella saw Jay.)
    • who lives there? => Ed. (Ed lives there.)
    • Who came? => Eva. (Eva came.)
    • 不正確：Who did come?

9-4 簡單過去式：不規則動詞(分類五)

  1. 現在 - 簡單過去
    • cost - cost
    • cut - cut
    • forget - forgot
    • give - gave
    • hit - hit
    • hurt - hurt
    • lend - lent
    • make - made
    • shut - shut
    • spend - spent
    • understand - understood

9-5 簡單過去式：不規則動詞(分類六)

  1. 現在 - 簡單過去
    • blow - blew
    • draw - drew
    • fall - fell
    • feel - felt
    • grow - grew
    • keep - kept
    • know - knew
    • swim - swam
    • throw - threw
    • win - won

9-6 簡單過去式：不規則動詞(分類七)

  1. 現在 - 簡單過去
    • become - became
    • bend - bent
    • bite - bit
    • build - built
    • feed - fed
    • fight - fought
    • hide - hid
    • hold - held
    • shake - shook

9-7 時間子句裡的 Before 和 After

  1. 一個子句就是有一個主詞和一個動詞的一組文字。一個主句就是一個完整的句子。如果是不完整句型，就需要連接主句。時間子句會以時間單字開頭，例如：before 或是 after。before + S + V = 時間子句。after + S + V = 時間子句
    • I(S) ate(V) breakfast. = 一個主句
    • before I(S) went(V) to class = 一個時間子句
    • I(S) ate(V) breakfast[主句] before I went to class.[時間子句]
    • Before I went to class,[時間子句] I(S) ate(V) breakfast.[主句]
  2. 一個時間子句可以接在一個主句後面，一個時間子句也可以接在主要子句前面(注意：當一個時間子句放在主句前面，要放一個逗點在兩個子句之間，當時間子句接在主句後面，逗點則不被使用。)，意思上都不會改變。
    • We took a walk[主句] after we finished our work.[時間子句]
    • After we finished our work,[時間子句] we took a walk.[主句]
  3. before 和 after 不會總是加上時間子句，它們有時候也被當作介系詞並在後面加上名詞受詞，可以參考 1-8 和 6-3 的介詞短語。
    • We took a walk after the movie.[介詞短語]
    • I had a cup of coffee before class.[介詞短語]

9-8 時間子句裡的 When

  1. when 可以加上時間子句。when + S + V = 一個時間子句。when the rain stopped 是一個時間子句。注意：名詞(Tom)會出現在代名詞(he)之前。
    • When the rain stopped, we took a walk. 或 We took a walk when the rain stopped.
  2. when 也可以加上問句(參考 3-11 關於 when 的問句)，一個問句是一個完整的句子，一個時間子句不是完整的句子。
    • When did the rain stop? = 一個問句
    • when the rain stopped = 一個時間子句

9-9 現在進行式和過去進行式

  1. 現在進行式描述就在說話的同時，一個活動正在進行。參考 4-1。這邊例句中的 right now 就是 10:00，Boris 在十點前開始坐下，在十點的時候正在坐著。
    • It’s 10:00 now. Boris is sitting in class.
  2. 過去進行式描述一件事情在過去的一個特定時間，一個活動正在進行。這邊例句中，Boris 在昨天 10:00 之前就開始坐在教室，而在昨天 10:00，坐在教室正在進行。
    • It was 10:00. Boris was sitting in class.
  3. 現在進行式和過去進行式的形式都包含 be + -ing，現在進行式使用現在形式的 be：am, is 和 are + -ing。
    • It’s 10:00. I am sitting in class. / Boris is sitting in class. / We are sitting in class.
  4. 過去進行式使用過去形式的 be：was 和 were + -ing。
    • It was 10:00. Boris was sitting in class. / We were sitting in class.

9-10 與過去進行式使用 While

  1. while + 主詞 + 動詞 = 一個時間子句。While I was sleeping 是一個時間子句，while = 在那段時間。一個 while 子句描述一件活動正在進行中的同時，另外一件活動在發生。一個 while 子句的動詞通常使用過去進行式(例如：was sleeping)。
    • The phone rang while I was sleeping. 或 While I was sleeping, the phone rang. (注意：當一個時間子句放在主句前面，要放一個逗點在兩個子句之間，當時間子句接在主句後面，逗點則不被使用。)

9-11 簡單過去式和過去進行式比較

  1. 簡單過去 描述活動或是狀態開始和結束在一個過去的特定時間(例如：yesterday, last night)。
    • Jane called me yesterday.
    • I talked to Jane for an hour last night.
    • What time did you get up this morning?
  2. 過去進行 描述一個活動過去正在某個時間進行，而這個時間，另外一個動作也同時發生。例句中，Jane 打電話的時候，學習這件事情正在進行。when 通常跟簡單過去活動一起使用。
    • I was studying when Jane called me last night.
    • While I was studying last night, Jane called.
  3. 如果時間子句和主句在一個句子中都是簡單過去，它表示時間子句裡的動作先發生了，然後主句的動作才接著發生。例句中，先開始下雨，我才打開雨傘。
    • I opened my umbrella[主句] when it began to rain.[時間子句]
  4. 比較
    • When the phone rang, I answered it. (電話先響，我才回應。)
    • When the phone rang, I was studying. (學習正在進行，電話才響。)
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