Java 快速學習自我挑戰 Day12

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Arrays、Java 內建 List、Autoboxing 和 Unboxing

Arrays

1. 設置 Array，可以用以下兩種方式來進行設置

int[] myIntArray = new int[25];
int[] myIntArray = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10};

2. 賦予 Array 值

myIntArray[0] = 45;
myIntArray[1] = 476;
myIntArray[5] = 50;

3. 將 Array 列印出來，可以使用 .length 來取得 Array 的長度，避免錯誤發生

public static void main(String[] args) {
	    int[] myIntArray = new int[25];
        for (int i = 0; i < myIntArray.length; i++) {
            myIntArray[i] = i * 10;
        }
        printArray(myIntArray);
    }

    public static void printArray(int[] array) {
        for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
            System.out.println("Element " + i + ", value is " + array[i]);
        }
    }

4. 使用 Array 寫一個平均計算器

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Main {

    private static Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int[] myIntegers = getIntegers(5);
        for (int i = 0; i < myIntegers.length; i++) {
            System.out.println("Element " + i + ", typed value was " + myIntegers[i]);
        }
        System.out.println("The average is " + getAverage(myIntegers));
    }

    public static int[] getIntegers(int number) {
        System.out.println("Enter " + number + " integer values.\r");
        int[] values = new int[number];

        for (int i = 0; i < values.length; i++) {
            values[i] = scanner.nextInt();
        }

        return values;
    }

    public static double getAverage(int[] array) {
        int sum = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
            sum += array[i];
        }

        return (double) sum / (double) array.length;
    }
}

Array 挑戰

1. 題目
   Create a program using arrays that sorts a list of integers in descending order.
   Descending order is highest value to lowest.
   In other words if the array had the values in it [106, 26, 81, 5, 15] your program should ultimately have an array with [106, 81, 26, 15, 5] in it.
   Set up the program so that the numbers to sort are read in from the keyboard (Scanner).
   Implement the following methods:
   getIntegers has one parameter of type int which is the size of the array. It returns an array of entered integers from the keyboard.=
   printArray accepts an array and prints out the contents of the array. It should be printed in the following format:
   Element 0 contents 106
   Element 1 contents 81
   Element 2 contents 26
   Element 3 contents 15
   Element 4 contents 5
   sortIntegers accepts the unsorted array. It should sort the array and return a new array containing the sorted numbers.
   The scenario is:

   1. getIntegers() is called.
   2. The returned array from getIntegers() is then used to call sortIntegers().
   3. The returned array from sortIntegers() is then printed to the console.
      [Do not try and implement this. It is to give you an idea of how the methods will be used]

   TIP: you will have to figure out how to copy the array elements from the passed array into a new array and sort them and return the new sorted array.
   TIP: Instantiate (create) the Scanner object inside the method.
   TIP: Be extremely careful about spaces in the printed message.
   NOTE: All methods should be defined as public static NOT public.
   NOTE: Do not add a main method to the solution code.

2. 答案

   1. 修改 Main.java

   import java.util.Scanner;
   
   public class Main {
   
       private static Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
   
       public static void main(String[] args) {
         int[] myIntegers = getIntegers(6);
         int[] sorted = sortIntegers(myIntegers);
           printArray(sorted);
       }
   
       public static int[] getIntegers(int capacity) {
           
           System.out.println("Enter " + capacity + " integer values:\r");
           int[] array = new int[capacity];
   
           for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
               array[i] = scanner.nextInt();
           }
   
           return array;
       }
   
       public static void printArray(int[] array) {
           for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
               System.out.println("Element " + i + " contents " + array[i]);
           }
       }
   
       public static int[] sortIntegers(int[] array) {
           int[] sortedArray = new int[array.length];
           for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
               sortedArray[i] = array[i];
           }
   
           boolean flag = true;
           int temp;
           while (flag) {
               flag = false;
               for (int i = 0; i < sortedArray.length - 1; i++) {
                   if (sortedArray[i] < sortedArray[i + 1]) {
                       temp = sortedArray[i];
                       sortedArray[i] = sortedArray[i + 1];
                       sortedArray[i + 1] = temp;
                       flag = true;
                   }
               }
           }
   
           return sortedArray;
       }
   }

   2. 以下程式碼可以進行優化

   int[] sortedArray = new int[array.length];
   for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
       sortedArray[i] = array[i];
   }
   // 可以用 Java 內建的語法優化
   int[] sortedArray = Arrays.copyOf(array, array.length);

3. 總結

   • Array 是一種數據結構可以讓你儲存多個同型態的值到一個變數中。
   • 默認的 Array 元素會設為 0。
   • Array 是從 0 開始索引的：Array 有 n 個元素的索引會從 0 到 n-1，例如：10 個元素的索引是 0 到 9。
   • 如果我們想要存取 Array 範圍外的索引，Java 會給我們 ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException 的錯誤，這表示索引超出範圍。
   • 存取 Array 元素我們使用中括號 [ 和 ]，這就是 Array 存取運算符。
   • 例子 1
     • int[] array = new int[5]
     • 這個 Array 包含元素從 array[0] 到 array[4]。
     • 這 5 個元素的索引範圍是 0 到 4。
     • new 這個運算符或 Keyword 被用來創建 Array 或是初始化 Array 元素為它們的默認值。
     • 在這個例子，當 int Array 生成的時候，會初始化為 0。
     • 對於 boolean 的 Array 元素，會初始化為 false。
     • 對於 String 或是 Objects 會初始化為 null，後面課程會說更多關於 null 的內容。
   • 例子 2
     • int[] myNumbers = {5, 4, 3, 2, 1};
     • 我們可以使用初始化區塊 { 和 } 來初始化 array 為一行，我們定義的值必須要用逗號分開。
     • 這種初始化 Array 的方式稱為匿名 Array(Anonymous Array)。
     • 這 5 個元素的索引範圍是 0 到 4。
     • 在這個例子，Array 元素被分別初始化為 5, 4, 3, 2, 1。
   • 最常見的錯誤 1
     • 存取超過範圍的索引，會出現 ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException 的錯誤。
     • 我們有 5 個元素，索引範圍是 0 到 4。
   • 最常見的錯誤 2
     • for 迴圈要從 0 開始

     int[] myArray = {10, 35, 20, 17, 18};
     
     for (int i = 1; i < myArray.length; i++) {
         System.out.println("value= " + myArray[i]);
     }
     ====
     // 輸出的錯誤結果
     value = 35
     value = 20
     value = 17
     value = 18

   • 最常見的錯誤 3
     • 在 for 迴圈錯誤使用小於等於 i <= myArray.length;，會導致 ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException。

     int[] myArray = {10, 35, 20, 17, 18};
     
     for (int i = 1; i <= myArray.length; i++) {
         System.out.println("value= " + myArray[i]);
     }

Reference Types 和 Value Types

1. Array 和 String 都是 Reference Type，它會指向 Memory 的同個地方，所以如果其中一個變更了，另外一個也會跟著變更。
2. int、double 和 boolean 都是 Value Type，換句話說，它們會保存值。
3. 看下面這個例子，如果變更一樣指向同個 Array 的 Array，兩個 Array 都會一起變更，所以要用 new 這個 Keyword 來新增一個新的 Array，就不會有這個問題。

public class Main {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        int myIntValue = 10;
        int anotherIntValue = myIntValue;

        System.out.println("myIntValue = " + myIntValue);
        System.out.println("anotherIntValue = " + anotherIntValue);

        anotherIntValue++;
        System.out.println("myIntValue = " + myIntValue);
        System.out.println("anotherIntValue = " + anotherIntValue);

        int[] myIntArray = new int[5];
        int[] anotherArray = myIntArray;

        System.out.println("myIntArray= " + Arrays.toString(myIntArray));
        System.out.println("anotherArray= " + Arrays.toString(anotherArray));

        anotherArray[0] = 1;

        System.out.println("after change myIntArray= " + Arrays.toString(myIntArray));
        System.out.println("after change anotherArray= " + Arrays.toString(anotherArray));

        anotherArray = new int[] {4, 5, 6, 7, 8};
        modifyArray(myIntArray);

        System.out.println("after modify myIntArray= " + Arrays.toString(myIntArray));
        System.out.println("after modify anotherArray= " + Arrays.toString(anotherArray));
    }

    private static void modifyArray(int[] array) {

        array[0] = 2;
        array = new int[] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
    }
}

最小化元素挑戰

1. 題目
   Write a method called readInteger() that has no parameters and returns an int.
   It needs to read in an integer from the user - this represents how many elements the user needs to enter.
   Write another method called readElements() that has one parameter of type int
   The method needs to read from the console until all the elements are entered, and then return an array containing the elements entered.
   And finally, write a method called findMin() with one parameter of type int[]. The method needs to return the minimum value in the array.
   The scenario is:
   1. readInteger() is called.
   2. The number returned by readInteger() is then used to call readElements().
   3. The array returned from readElements() is used to call findMin().
   4. findMin() returns the minimum number.
   [Do not try and implement this. It is to give you an idea of how the methods will be used]
   TIP: Assume that the user will only enter numbers, never letters.
   TIP: Instantiate (create) the Scanner object inside the method. There are two scanner objects, one for each of the two methods that are reading in input from the user.
   TIP: Be extremely careful about spaces in the printed message.
   NOTE: All methods should be defined as private static.
   NOTE: Do not add a main method to the solution code.
2. 答案
   1. 修改 Main.java

   import java.util.Scanner;
   
   public class Main {
   
       private static Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
   
       public static void main(String[] args) {
   
           int number = readInteger();
           int[] array = readElements(number);
           int minNumber = findMin(array);
           System.out.println("The min number is " + minNumber);
       }
   
       private static int readInteger() {
           System.out.println("Enter count:\r");
           int number = scanner.nextInt();
           scanner.nextLine();
           return number;
       }
   
       private static int[] readElements(int number) {
           int[] values = new int[number];
   
           for (int i = 0; i < number; i++) {
               System.out.println("Please enter " + i + " element:\r");
               values[i] = scanner.nextInt();
               scanner.nextLine();
           }
   
           return values;
       }
   
       private static int findMin(int[] array) {
           int minNumber = array[0];
   
           for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
               if (array[i] < minNumber) {
                   minNumber = array[i];
               }
           }
   
           return minNumber;
       }
   }

逆 Array 挑戰

1. 題目
   Write a method called reverse() with an int array as a parameter.
   The method should not return any value. In other words, the method is allowed to modify the array parameter.
   To reverse the array, you have to swap the elements, so that the first element is swapped with the last element and so on.
   For example, if the array is [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], then the reversed array is [5, 4, 3, 2, 1].
   The method should first print out the newly passed in array as Array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
   and then once it’s been reversed, print it out as Reversed array = [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
   TIP: When swapping the elements, use a variable to temporarily hold the current element.
   NOTE: The method should be defined as private static.
   NOTE: Do not add a main method to the solution code.
2. 答案
   1. 修改 Main.java

   public class ReverseArray {
       private static void reverse(int[] array) {
           
           System.out.println("Array = " + Arrays.toString(array));
   
           int maxIndex = array.length - 1;
           int halfLength = array.length / 2;
           for (int i = 0; i < halfLength; i++) {
               int temp = array[i];
               array[i] = array[maxIndex - i];
               array[maxIndex - i] = temp;
           }
           
           System.out.println("Reversed array = " + Arrays.toString(array));
       }
   }